Puzzling over citations: Teaching multiple citation styles to multiple students at the same time
Presented by: Sally Fortin
Subject Area(s):
Grade Level(s):
Description:
Participants focus on identifying the key information needed for constructing and reading citations for resources used in research, including websites, course lectures, interviews, encyclopedias, white papers, podcasts, material objects, and books and journals. Participants use the citation style of their choice (SBL, Turabian/Chicago, MLA) in order to gain immediately applicable skills.
Goals & Objectives:
Bibliographic management tools, while helpful, do not eliminate the need for careful checking of complete citation information, particularly for nonstandard material types or in-depth research. Direct instruction regarding the elements of citation helps students develop good eyes for complete and incomplete citations. This lesson emphasizes citation as a framework for scholarly conversation rather than focusing on the fear of plagiarism. Accurate citation is presented as an important component of scholarly work.
Objectives:
By the end of this workshop, the participant will:
- Understand the importance of citation as a means of marking the scholarly trail and joining the conversation
- Demonstrate understanding of the reasons for standardization and the need for flexibility in writing citations
- Be able to compose standard citations like those for books and articles
- Idenitfy and use authoritative sources to check for more complicated types of materials
Materials:
Main Instructional Technique: Group discussion, individual or small-group practice and peer assistance
Length of session: 50 minutes
Audience/Class size: Depends on number of style guides available; up to 30 would be workable
Materials needed:
- Examples of works that would need citations in student projects, including books, reference works, pamphlets, online resources, working papers, and rare objects from special collections
- Style manuals
- Note cards with correct citations, color-coded by citation style
- Laptops or desktop computers for web-based sources
- Slide software
- An instructor's station with projector
- Handouts or an online guide for future reference
Procedures:
Preparation:
- Find examples of different types of works for students to use to create citations. To preserve continuity, we tried to find a common theme as much as possible among the resources.
- Create note cards with the correct citations using each citation style for each example presented. We used color-coded cards to make selecting the correct card easier for students.
- Create presentation slides of basic information about the purpose of citation and common elements used.
- Create a handout about style manuals and citation preparation for further reference.
- Before class, load the slides, and create stations with style manuals and different types of resources among which students can circulate.
The Instruction Session:
- Review the goals for the workshop.
- Why do we cite? Discuss scholarly discourse as a conversation in space and time, and citation as a means of respectfully noting the participants.
- What makes a citation? Discuss citation as a complete string of information comprised of puzzle pieces.
- Introduce fundamental elements of citations, such as title and author, and show examples of citations using these elements. Choose simple citations such as a book and journal article. Ask students to identify the necessary information from a print copy. Explain where each piece of information is found on the item in hand.
- Depending on class size, break students into assigned groups or allow them to individually select stations of particular interest to practice creating citations with a chosen example and style. The cards are present for checking answers, and instructors float around the room to answer additional questions. On average, allot around 25 minutes for this practice.
Ask the class what they learned from the exercise, and for any remaining questions they might have. Allow approximately 10 minutes for this discussion. Provide the handout with information about using citation styles, and perhaps additional information about journal abbreviations, for future reference.
Assessment:
Each student was emailed a short electronic survey with three objective questions that tested their understanding of the material that was taught and four subjective questions that ascertained their opinions about the workshop.
Supporting Files:
- Citation_in_Theological_Research.ppt
PowerPoint that introduces the fundamental pieces of a citation
Standards:
ACRL Standards (Higher Education IL Standards)
Determines the nature and extent of information needed
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Defines and articulates the need for information
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Identifies a variety of types and formats of potential sources for information
Accesses needed information effectively and efficiently
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Selects the most appropriate investigative methods or information retrieval systems for accessing the needed information
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Extracts, records, and manages the information and its sources
Uses information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose
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Applies new and prior information to the planning and creation of a particular product or performance
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Revises the development process for the product or performance
Understands many of the economic, legal and social issues surrounding the use of information and accesses and uses information ethically and legally
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Follows laws, regulations, institutional policies, and etiquette related to the access and use of information resources
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Acknowledges the use of information sources in communicating the product or performance